Response spectrum modelling for regions lacking earthquake records
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56748/ejse.1151Keywords:
Seismic design, Response spectrum, Component Attenuation Model, Moderate seismicity regionsAbstract
The design response spectrum is typically the starting point of most codified seismic design and assessment procedures and is predominantly used to prescribe the applied inertia forces induced by earthquake ground motions. In a recent paper, the authors presented and discussed the key properties, limitations, engineering interpretation and modern concepts relating to various types of earthquake design response spectra, including the acceleration, displacement and velocity spectra. The present paper provides a critical evaluation of the various deterministic and probabilistic approaches to response spectrum modelling, including an introduction to the Component Attenuation Model (CAM). The CAM modelling approach was developed recently by the authors, with the express purpose of providing a novel response spectrum modelling technique for regions lacking earthquake records. Traditional approaches for the prediction of earthquake actions using design response spectra rely on accurate hazard models for the region concerned, which in turn depend heavily on the availability of strong ground motion data from the local seismic region, or from analogous regions with similar geological and seismo-tectonic features. In the case of regions with low to moderate levels of seismicity, such data is at best scarce and in many cases unreliable, and this presents unique problems for designers carrying out seismic analysis for new construction or assessing the seismic reliability of existing buildings, bridges and infrastructure. For such regions, novel approaches (such as CAM) which adapt local seismological information for the purpose of earthquake ground motion modelling may be considered. Further key issues including the determination of the Maximum Considered Earthquake, are also addressed in this paper.
Downloads
References
A.M. Chandler, N.T.K. Lam, J.L. Wilson, and G.L. Hutchinson, “Review of Modern Concepts in the Engineering Interpretation of Earthquake Response Spectra”, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Journal of Structures & Buildings, Vol.146, Issue 1, 2001, pp.75-84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1680/stbu.2001.146.1.75
Structural Engineers’ Association of California (SEAOC): Vision 2000 Committee, “Performance Based Seismic Engineering of Buildings”, J. Soulages, ed. 2 Volumes. SEAOC, Sacramento, CA, 1995.
R.S. Yeats, K. Sieh, and R.A. Clarence, “The Geology of Earthquakes”, Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 1997.
P. Somerville, “Seismic Hazard Evaluation”, 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Auckland, N.Z., 2000, Paper.2822, State-of-the-Art Report, 16pp.
N.T.K. Lam, A.M. Chandler, J.L. Wilson, and G.L. Hutchinson, “Seismic Hazard Determination for the Coastal Region of South China I: Generic Crustal Modelling”, Journal of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, Vol.2, No.1, 1999, pp.1-16.
N.T.K. Lam, A.M. Chandler, J.L. Wilson, and G.L. Hutchinson, “Seismic Hazard Determination for the Coastal Region of South China II: Regional Crustal Modelling”, Journal of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, Vol.2, No.2, 2000, pp.1-15.
N.T.K. Lam, J.L. Wilson, and G.L. Hutchinson, “Generation of Synthetic Earthquake Accelerograms Based on the Seismological Model: A Review”, Journal of Earthquake Engineering, Vol.4, No.3, 2000, pp.321-354. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460009350374
C.A. Cornell, “Engineering Seismic Risk Analysis”, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol.58, 1968, pp.1583-1606. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0580051583
T. Reiter, “Earthquake Hazard Analysis”, Columbia University Press, New York, 1990.
N.M. Newmark, and W.J. Hall, “Earthquake Spectra and Design”, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute Monograph Series, EERI Monograph No.3, Berkeley, California, 1982.
Applied Technology Council, “Tentative Provisions for the Development of Seismic Regulations for Buildings”, Report ATC 3-06, California, 1978.
Standards Association of Australia, “Minimum Design Loads on Structures, Part 4: Earthquake Loads”, AS1170.4, 1993.
Associate Committee on the National Building Code, “National Building Code of Canada 1995”, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada, 1995.
N.T.K. Lam, J.L. Wilson, A.M. Chandler, and G.L. Hutchinson, “Response Spectral Relationships for Rock Sites Derived from the Component Attenuation Model”, Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, Vol.29, 2000, pp.1457-1489. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/1096-9845(200010)29:10<1457::AID-EQE969>3.0.CO;2-Q
D.M. Scott, J.W. Pappin, and M.K.Y. Kwok, “Seismic Design of Buildings in Hong Kong”, Transactions of the Hong Kong Institution of Engineers, Vol.1, No.2, 1994, pp.37-50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1023697X.1994.10667671
IBC (2000), “International Building Code, 2000”, International Code Council, U.S.A, 2000.
G.M. Atkinson, “Use of the Uniform Hazard Spectrum in Characterising Expected Levels of Seismic Ground Shaking”, Proceedings of the 6th Canadian Conference in Earthquake Engineering, Toronto, 1991, pp.469-476. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3138/9781487583217-060
Federal Emergency Management Agency, “FEMA-273: NEHRP Provisions for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings – Guidelines”, FEMA, Washington D.C., U.S.A., 1998.
N.T.K. Lam, J.L. Wilson, A.M. Chandler, and G.L. Hutchinson, “Response Spectrum Modelling for Rock Sites in Low and Moderate Seismicity Regions Combining Velocity, Displacement and Acceleration Predictions”, Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, Vol.29, 2000, pp.1491-1525. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/1096-9845(200010)29:10<1491::AID-EQE970>3.0.CO;2-T
F. Naeim, and M. Lew, “Deficiencies of Design-Spectrum Compatible Accelerograms”, The Structural Design of Tall Buildings, Vol.3, 1994, pp.275-283. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.4320030406
D.M. Boore, W.B. Joyner, and T.E. Fumal, “Equations for Estimating Horizontal Response Spectra and Peak Acceleration from Western North American Earthquakes: A Summary of Recent Work”, Seismological Research Letters, Vol.68, No.1, 1997, pp.128-153. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.68.1.128
D.M. Boore, and G. Atkinson, “Stochastic Prediction of Ground Motion and Spectral Response Parameters at Hard-Rock Sites in Eastern North America”, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol.73, 1987, pp.1865-1894.
S.G. Scott, J.J. Bommer, and S.K. Sarma, “Definition of Hazard-Consistent Ground Motions through Multi-Parameter Seismic Hazard Assessment”, Proceedings of the 6th SECED Conference : Seismic Design Practice into the Next Century, Oxford, U.K., 1998, pp.229-236. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203740026-32
M. Edwards, N.T.K. Lam, J.L. Wilson, and G.L. Hutchinson, “The Prediction of Earthquake-Induced Displacement Demand of Buildings in Australia: An Integrated Approach”, Proceedings of the New Zealand National Society of Earthquake Engineering (NZSEE) Conference, Rotorua, 1999, pp.43-50.
PEER Center News, “Advancing Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering”, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center Newsletter, Vol.2, No.1, 1999, pp.1-6.
G. Atkinson, and D.M. Boore, “Ground-motion Relations for Eastern North America”, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol.85, No.1, 1995, pp.17-30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0850010017
N.T.K. Lam, J.L. Wilson, and G.L. Hutchinson, “Development of Intraplate Response Spectra for Bedrock in Australia”, Proceedings of the 1998 Technical Conference of the New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering, Wairakei, New Zealand, 1998, pp.137-144.
N.N. Ambraseys, K.A. Simpson and J.J. Bommer, “Prediction of Horizontal Response Spectra in Europe”, Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, Vol.25, pp.371-400. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9845(199604)25:4<371::AID-EQE550>3.0.CO;2-A
G. Atkinson, “Earthquake Source Spectra in Eastern North America”, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol.83, 1993, pp.1778-1798. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0830020587
G. Atkinson and D.M. Boore, “Evaluation of Models for Earthquake Source Spectra in Eastern North America”, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol.88, No.4, 1998, pp.917-934. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0880040917
G. Atkinson, and W. Silva, “An Empirical Study of Earthquake Source Spectra for Californian Earthquakes”, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol.87, 1997, pp.97-113. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0870061697
N.T.K. Lam, J.L. Wilson, A.M. Chandler, and G.L. Hutchinson, “A Generic Displacement Spectrum Model for the Seismic Assessment of Structures”, Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics (Paper submitted in January 2001)
N.T.K. Lam, A.M. Chandler, L.S. Chan, J.L. Wilson, and G.L. Hutchinson, “Motion Induced by Distant Earthquakes: Estimated Ground Shaking in Hong Kong”, International Conference on Advances in Structural Dynamics, ASD 2000, Hong Kong, December 2000, Vol.1, pp.209-216.
N.T.K. Lam, A.M. Chandler, and J.L. Wilson, “The Component Attenuation Model for Predicting Earthquake Ground Motions Affecting Hong Kong from the Far-Field”, Proceedings of the Mini-Workshop on Design Ground Motion for East-Asia Region, The University of Tokyo, 4th March, 2000, pp.74-88.
N.T.K. Lam, J.L. Wilson, A.M. Chandler, and G.L. Hutchinson, “Response Spectrum Predictions for Potential Near-Field and Far-Field Earthquakes Affecting Hong Kong: Rock Sites”, Journal of Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 2001 (Paper submitted in December,2000) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0267-7261(01)00051-3
R. Koo, A. Brown, N.T.K. Lam, J.L. Wilson, and G. Gibson, “A Full Range Response Spectrum Model for Rock Sites in the Melbourne Metropolitan Area”, Proceedings of the Australian Earthquake Engineering Society Seminar, Tasmania, 2000, Paper no.16.
T. Balendra, N.T.K. Lam, J.L. Wilson, and K.H. Kong, “Analysis of Long-Distance Earthquake Tremors and Base Shear Demand for Buildings in Singapore”, Journal of Engineering Structures, 2001, (Paper accepted) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(01)00065-7
T. Ngo, R. Koo, N.T.K. Lam, and J.L. Wilson, “Estimates of Seismic Loading for Concrete Structures in Hanoi, Vietnam”, Proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Technologies in Design, Construction and Maintenance of Concrete Structures, March 2001, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Q.F. Luo, “Estimation of Ground Motions Affecting Shanghai by Long Distance Earthquakes”, International Conference on Advances in Structural Dynamics (ASD2000), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, December 2000, Vol.1, pp.225-232.
K.H. Jacob, “Scenario Earthquakes for Urban Areas Along the Atlantic Seaboard of the United States”, National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, NCEER-SP-0001, Buffalo, New York, 1997.
C.A. Kircher, “United States Building Code Approach to Variations in Regional Seismicity”, Proceedings of the New Zealand National Society of Earthquake Engineering (NZSEE) Conference, Rotorua, 1999, pp.19-26.
P. Somerville, “Recent Advances in Strong Ground Motion Prediction”, 8th Canadian Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, Canada, 1999, pp.7-28.
G. Atkinson, and D.M. Boore, “Some Comparisons Between Ground Motion Relations”, Seismological Research Letters, Vol.68, No.1, 1997, pp.24-40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.68.1.24
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
